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CONVENTION 


FREED MEN'S COMMISSIONS: 


INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA, JULY 10 AND 20, 1864. 




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MINUTES 


OF THE 


CONVENTION 

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FKEEDMEFS 



HELD AT 


INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA, JULY 19 AND 20, 1864, 


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CINCINNATI: 

PRINTED AT THE METHODIST BOOK CONCERN. 


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REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS.. 


FIRST DAY. 

Afternoon Session, July 1£>, 1864. 

In pursuance of a call issued by the Western Freedmen’s Aid 
Commission of Cincinnati, a Convention assembled at Roberts 
Methodist Episcopal Chapel, in the city of Indianapolis, at three 
o’clock, P. M. 

Colonel James Blake, of Indianapolis, was called to the chair, 
and William Penn Nixon, of Cincinnati, was elected Secretary. 

The meeting was then opened with prayer by Rev. S. B. Page, 
of Cleveland. 

The following call was read by the Secretary: 

Cincinnati, June 21 , 1864 . 

To the Board of Directors of - 

Gentlemen ,—The Board of Directors of the Western Freedmen’s 
Aid Commission, at its last meeting, appointed a committee to cor¬ 
respond in regard to holding a Convention of the Associations of 
the West, laboring in behalf of the National freedmen. Our Board 
is convinced that such a meeting would benefit the common cause. 

These Associations are engaged in the same work, and labor in 
the same field. We have teachers in the same schools; agents and 
other representatives in the same camps; and often act through 
each other’s agencies. We feel an interest in each other’s success. 
By a Convention this interest may be increased, our sympathies 
quickened, and an understanding brought about that would do 
much to .prevent friction in our operations, aild disagreements 
among our representatives in the field. 

Our Associations are organized for a great and difficult work. 
Providence has opened before us the most extended field that ever 
invited humane and benevolent effort—a field that must still in¬ 
crease. Its very magnitude demands the most efficient application 
of the contributions of which we are made the almoners. Difficul¬ 
ties arising from the nature of the work, the condition of society 
in the South, our relation to officers and agents of the Government, 
and other circumstances, have embarrassed us from the first, and 
still continue. These can only be successfully overcome by a wise 
direction of all our movements. An interchange of views, bring¬ 
ing together the results of our experience would enable us each to 
prosecute our labors more efficiently—accomplish greater good. 



4 


MINUTES OF THE 


A Convention, generally attended by our Associations, would 
awaken a deeper and more general interest for our cause through¬ 
out the West, and might lead to results that would secure that 
influence with the Government and its representatives which seems 
essential to our success. 

In view of these and other reasons suggested by a common 
experience, we propose in behalf of our Board: 

1. That a Convention be held, composed of three delegates from 
each of the following Societies: Western Sanitary Commission, 
North-Western Freedmen’s Aid Commission, Indiana Freedmen’s 
Aid Commission, Cleveland Freedmen’s Aid Commission, Friends’ 
Freedmen’s Society, Western Contraband Commission, and Western 
Freedmen’s Aid Commission. 

2. That it be held as early as Tuesday, July 19th. 

3. That it meet at Indianapolis. 

4. That a call for it be issued upon the concurrence of a majority 
of the above-named Associations. 

Please notify us of your action as soon as practicable. 

Respectfully, J. M. Walden, Ch'man Com. 

Cincinnati, July 11, 1864. 

To the Board of Directors of - 

A Convantion, composed of three delegates from each Association 
of the West laboring for the relief of the National freedmen, will 
be held in Indianapolis, Indiana, on Tuesday, July 19th, inst., at 
three o’clock, P. M. It will meet in Roberts Methodist Episcopal 
Chapel, on Pennsylvania-Street. 

The Indiana Freedmen’s Aid Commission has generously prof¬ 
fered to entertain the delegates, and requests them to report them¬ 
selves at Dr. J. T. Boyd’s office, No. 40 Pennsylvania-Street. 

This call is authorized by the concurrence of the Associations, 
and it is to be hoped that each one will be fully represented in this 
the first Convention of the kind held in the West. 

In behalf of the Committee. J. M. Walden, Ch'man. 

Delegates were reported present as follows; namely: Cleveland 
Freedmen's Aid Commission —H. B. Spelman, Rev. S. B. Page, 
and D. W. Gage. Contraband Relief Commission of Cincinnati — 
George Graham and William R. Woolman. Western Freedmen's 
Aid Commission of Cincinnati —Rev. J. M. Walden, Rev. George 
M. Maxwell, and William Penn Nixon. Indiana Freedmen's Aid 
Commission of Indianapolis —Calvin Fletcher, Colonel James 
Blake, Rev. N. A. Hyde, Dr. J. T. Boyd, Jacob S. Willets, and 
Rev. J. V. R. Miller. 

I. P. Evans, H. E. Peele, and Joseph Dickinson, being present, 
handed in a communication, saying that the Committee of the 



CONVENTION OF FREEDMEN’S COMMISSIONS. 


5 


Indiana Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends received the 
call for the Convention after their regular monthly meeting; no 
meeting had since been held for the appointment of delegates, and 
they were present simply as members of that committee. 

On motion of Mr. Woolman, of Cincinnati, they were received 
and duly accredited as delegates. 

A dispatch was received from J. G. Forman, of the Western 
Sanitary Commission, St. Louis, saying that he was detained at 
Terre Haute, but expected to arrive in the evening. 

On motion, a Business Committee of one from each Commission 
was appointed, as follows: Bev. N. A. Hyde, H. B. Spelman, 
W. B. Woolman, Joseph Dickinson, Bev. J. M. Walden, and 
Bev. J. Gr. Forman. 

After considerable discussion it was resolved to hear reports 
from the various Commissions before the Business Committee re¬ 
tired for consultation; and the Secretary was directed to call the 
roll of the Commissions in the order mentioned in the call. 

Very interesting reports* were made for the Indiana Commission 
by Messrs. Boyd and Willets; for the Cleveland Commission by 
Mr. Spelman; for Indiana Yearly Meeting Committee of the Society 
of Friends by Joseph Dickinson; for the Contraband Belief Com¬ 
mission by George Graham; and for the Western Freedmen’s Aid 
Commission by Bev. George M. Maxwell. 

The Convention then adjourned to meet at a quarter before eight 
o’clock this evening. 


Evening Session, JTvily 10, 1804. 

Convention met pursuant to adjournment. The meeting was 
opened with prayer by Bev. J. B. Shipherd, of Chicago. 

The minutes of the previous session were read, corrected, and 
approved. 

Bev. J. B. Shipherd was reported as delegate from the North- 
Western Freedmen’s Aid Commission of Chicago, and his name 
added to the Business Committee. 

Beports from the several Commissions being in order, and the 
last-mentioned Commission being called, an excellent report was 


* For these Reports see Appendix. 





6 


MINUTES OF THE 


made for it by Mr. Shipherd. Excellent reports were also made 
by Rev. J. G. Forman for the Western Sanitary Commission, and 
by Rev. J. M. Walden for the Western Freedmen’s Aid Com¬ 
mission of Cincinnati. 

On motion of Mr. Nixon, it was resolved that three committees 
be appointed, each consisting of three members, to take in consid¬ 
eration and report upon the following subjects, namely: 

1. The subject of opening stores for the purpose of selling goods 
to the freedmen. 

2. The subject of uniform salaries and instructions for teachers 
and agents. 

3. The subject of Union depots of supplies in the Mississippi 
Yalley. 

The first committee was constituted as follows: H. B. Spelman, 
Joseph Dickinson, and Wm. R. Woolman; the second, J. R. Ship- 
herd, J. M. Walden, and J. T. Boyd; the third, J. G. Forman, 
George Graham, and William Penn Nixon. 

On motion of Mr. Walden, the following resolution was adopted: 

Resolved , That the Business Committee be directed to draw up 
a memorial to the President of the United States, stating the claims 
of our work, the diflieulties under which we have labored, and the 
advantages of a Freedmen’s Bureau. 

The Convention then adjourned to meet Wednesday, July 20th, 
at 10 o’clock, A. M. 


SECOND DAY. 

Morning Session, July 20, 1864. 

Convention met pursuant to adjournment. The meeting was 
opened with prayer by the Rev. J. G. Forman, of St. Louis. 

The committees raised at the session last evening submitted 
reports. 

ON UNIFORM SALARIES AND INSTRUCTIONS. 

Mr. Shipherd, chairman, made a report, which, as amended and 
adopted, reads as follows: 

The Committee appointed to report on Uniform Instructions and 
Salaries for Teachers and Agents respectfully report: 




CONVENTION OF FREEDMEN’S COMMISSIONS. 


7 


. We deem ' lt impracticable to agree to any formal set of instruc¬ 
tions or rules, and content ourselves with reporting the following 
minute: 

At a Convention of representatives of the following Commissions, 
to wit, the Western Freedmen’s Aid Commission, the Cleveland 
Freedmen s Aid Commission, the Contraband Relief Commission, 
the Indiana Freedmen’s Aid Commission, the Friends’ Freedmen’s 
Aid Commission, the North-Western Freedmen’s Aid Commission, 
and the Western Sanitary Commission, held in Roberts Methodist 
Episcopal Chapel, in the city of Indianapolis, July 19 and 20, 
1864, it was unanimously 

1. Resolved , That we hereby join in instructing all agents, 
superintendents, and teachers employed by either of our Commis¬ 
sions to cherish toward each other a Christian charity, and to co¬ 
operate, as far as may be, in the common work to which they have 
been sent. 

2. Resolved, That a copy of this minute, duly attested by the 
President and Secretary of this Convention, be furnished to all 
field employes of the Commissions represented here, who are al¬ 
ready or hereafter may be employed. 

3. Resolved , That this Convention regard it as desirable that the 
salaries paid to teachers be uniform, so far as practicable; and deem 
twenty-five dollars per month, and traveling and other necessary 
expenses, as an adequate average compensation. 


ON OPENING STORES AMONG THE FREEDMEN. 

Mr. Spelman, chairman, made a report, which, as amended and 
adopted, reads as follows: 

The committee to whom was referred the subject of establishing 
stores for the sale of goods to the freedmen submit the following 
report: 

The wisest and most useful charity is that which provides em¬ 
ployment for the needy, thereby promoting habits of industry and 
self-reliance, which form the basis of a true manhood. As a means 
of stimulating industry and of teaching the freedmen the value of 
money, your committee recommend that in localities among the 
freedmen where goods are scarce, or where they can not be pur¬ 
chased at reasonable prices, stores be opened by agents having 
charge of the distribution of supplies under the direction of the 
Commission employing them, or of the Supervising Agent of 
the district, for the sale, exclusively to the freedmen, of such goods 
as they may need, at low prices,'which are to be as nearly uniform 
as may be; and that all agents making sale of goods shall keep 
and render to the Commissions, or party furnishing the goods, an 
accurate account, at least once a month, of all sales and expenses, 
and shall hold the funds received subject to the order of the Com¬ 
mission supplying the goods. 


8 


MINUTES OF THE 


ON UNION DEPOTS AND SUPPLIES. 

Mr. Forman, chairman, made a report, which, as amended and 
adopted, reads as follows: 

The Committee appointed to consider the subject of Union 
Depots of Supplies for Freedmen in the Mississippi Valley, re¬ 
spectfully report in favor of the establishment of such depots. 
They would recommend that the agents of the Freedmen’s Asso¬ 
ciations, having charge of supplies at any given point, agree 
among themselves to procure from the Government a common 
depot of supplies, and appoint from their number a competent 
person to take charge, with such assistance as he may need; and 
that he keep an account of all supplies received from the several 
Associations, giving due credit to each, and making return to each 
of all distributions and sales made to the freedmen; and, should a 
general Supervising Agent be appointed, that the agents in charge 
of these Union Depots will make a full exhibit of their books, 
accounts, and transactions to him on his occasional visits to their 
several stations. 

It will be understood that the agents of the several Associations 
represented will have the privilege of drawing from the Union 
Depot for distribution or sale, as they may need, to the extent 
of the supplies deposited there by the Commission they represent. 

The Superintendent of the Union Depots will be expected to 
make out a monthly report to each Association having goods in 
store, giving the state of its accounts; and also a full quarterly 
report to the Supervising Agent, should one be appointed, or if 
not appointed, then to all the Associations represented; giving an 
account of the whole operations of that quarter, so that all may 
know what each Association has done during the quarter. 

The Business Committee asking further time to report, the Con¬ 
vention went into a general discussion of the state of the work and 
its requirements, after which a recess was taken till 2 o’clock. 


Afternoon Session, July SO, 1864. 

At 2 o’clock, P. M., the Convention reassembled. x The Business 
Committee, through Mr. Walden, reported the following 

MEMORIAL TO THE PRESIDENT. 

To Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States: 

Respected Sir , — The undersigned delegates, representing the 
Associations of the West engaged in laboring for the relief of the 
National freedmen, coming together at Indianapolis from the States 




CONVENTION OF FREEDMEN’S COMMISSIONS. 


9 


of Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, and Indiana, would respectfully repre¬ 
sent to your Excellency, that the object of our present assembling 
has been to secure greater unity of action; to devise more efficient 
means for the supply of the physical wants of the colored people 
whom it has been the policy of the Administration to make free; 
and to provide more fully for their education, so that they may be 
elevated in the scale of humanity, and fitted for the privileges, 
duties, and responsibilities of their new position. 

In thus coming together, and consulting each other in regard to 
the efforts heretofore made in behalf of the freed people, it has 
been found a subject of frequent complaint that in our labors we 
have been thwarted, in some instances by the negligence, and in 
others by the opposition of officers having charge of the posts 
where the freed people were collected. 

In all cases we have instructed our agents and teachers to sub¬ 
ordinate their efforts to the Military Authority. We are not advised 
that in any instance have our instructions been disobeyed, and 
would discharge any one found derelict in this particular. 

While with pleasure we state that at many points we have had 
the hearty and cheerful co-operation of the officers in charge, it 
is with pain we are forced to declare that at other places, from 
causes already stated, our agents have found it difficult to render 
any efficient aid, even where that aid was most imperatively de¬ 
manded. In many instances our schools have been interrupted by 
what seemed to be uncalled-for and unnecessary changes in the 
camps, and in some cases they have been entirely broken up by 
military orders, expelling the colored people from towns or cities, 
and herding them in corrals even, where many of the victims had 
been living in their own habitations, and supporting themselves. 

. Without entering into a lengthy detail of the operations of our 
organizations, or a further recital of the manner in which our 
agents and teachers have been prevented from doing the good we 
contemplated, we would respectfully memorialize your Excellency, 
as Commander-in-chief of the army of the United States, to require, 
by military order, the officers in charge of military posts where the 
freed people of color may be found to give to our agents and 
teachers all necessary aid and co-operation, to enable us to effect 
the purposes of our organization. 

We would further represent that our object in the organization 
of all our Associations was to aid the Government, already taxed 
with the prosecution of the war, in relieving the wants of those 
made free by your Proclamation, and brought within our lines and 
thrown upon the care of the nation by the advance of our armies. 
The Government collects them together and gives them rations; 
these Associations endeavor to supplement this work by furnishing 
clothing and other 'needful supplies, establishing schools and sup¬ 
porting teachers—efforts in which the Government has co-operated 
by transporting these supplies, and in many instances agents and 
teachers, and affording them rations and quarters. 


10 


MINUTES OF THE 


The Government has its representatives in the officers and agents 
of the War and Treasury Departments, with whom, in most in¬ 
stances, we have been able to co-operate pleasantly, and with some 
efficiency; but we have at all times been conscious that there was 
no person in the field representing both the Government and our 
Associations in common, because of ■which, wherever our efforts 
have been embarrassed in ways heretofore named, we have found it 
difficult, often impossible, to procure attention and relief. 

We, therefore, respectfully urge your Excellency to appoint- 

- Supervising Agent of Freedmen’s Affairs in the West, who 

shall be an authorized representative of both the Government and 
these Associations, and clothe him with all the authority consistent 
with existing military regulations; making it his duty to visit 
camps of freedmen, and all points where schools are located; to 
report as to the faithfulness or dereliction of the agents and officers 
of the Government and of the Associations to this work; to in¬ 
dicate what may be necessary to an efficient co-operation between 
the Government and those Associations; and generally to super¬ 
vise the whole work of voluntary relief in behalf of the freedmen: 
the salary of , said agent to be paid by the several Associations 
joining in this recommendation. 

The speedy appointment of some such agent becomes the more 
necessary at this time because of the failure on the part of Con¬ 
gress to establish a Bureau of Freedmen’s Affairs, to which the 
management of these interests would have properly belonged. 

We believe that by complying with the requests of this memorial 
you will subserve the cause of humanity, and forward the consum¬ 
mation of that noble act of your administration by which you 
proclaimed that the slave should henceforth be forever free. 

The report was received; and, on motion, the first part was taken 
up separately, and after considerable discussion was unanimously 
adopted. A motion was then made to lay the remaining portion, 
referring to the appointment of a general Supervising Agent by 
the President, on the table; and, the yeas and nays being called 
for, the motion was lost, but three votes being recorded in its 
favor. The motion to adopt, after further discussion, was then 
carried unanimously. 

The whole memorial was then referred to the several Commis¬ 
sions for their approval. 

The following resolution was unanimously adopted: 

Resolved , That we request each of our Associations to appoint 
one person as a member of a special committee to fill the blank 
in the memorial, and present it in person to the President ; and, 
further, that we request delegates here to secure an early meeting 
of their respective Associations to take action on these matters. 




CONVENTION OE FREEDMEN’S COMMISSIONS. 


11 


On motion of Mr. Walden the following resolution was adopted: 

Resolved, That this Convention request the President and Secre¬ 
tary of the United States Commission for the relief of the National 
Freedmen to call a meeting of all the Freedmen’s Aid Societies of 
the country at as early a day as practicable. 

On motion, the Secretary of the Convention was directed to have 
one thousand copies of the minutes thereof printed in pamphlet 
form, and the delegates were requested to furnish him for publica¬ 
tion therein the substance of their remarks in regard to their re¬ 
spective Commissions made before the Convention. 

After some congratulatory and happy remarks by the President, 
the Convention adjourned sine die , and was closed with prayer 
by the Rev. S. B. Page, of Cleveland. 

James Blake, President. 

Wm. Penn Nixon, Secretary. 


ESTIMATE OE CONTRIBUTIONS. 

The following table, collated from the reports made before the Con¬ 
vention, presents a proximate exhibit of the collections of money and 
supplies by the several Commissions represented: 


ASSOCIATIONS. 

Cash. 

Supplies.. 

Total. 

Western Sanitary Commission, St. Louis. 

$ 15,000 

$40,000 

$55,000 

North-Western F. A. Com., Chicago, organized .Tan. 1,1804. 

14,700 

17,500 

32,200 

Indiana F. A. Commi'Sion, organized September, 1863.. 

9,000 

13,000 

22,000 

Indiana Friends' Aid Committee, organized October, 1803. 

23,000 

10,000 

33,000 

Western F. A. Commission, organized January, 1803. 

26,000 

* 

26,000 

Contraband Relief Commission, organized November, 1862. 

30,000 

50,000 

80,000 

Cleveland F. A. Commission, organized April, 1803.. 

8,000 

10,000 

18,000 

Grand Total. 

8127,700 8140,500 

$268,200 


* No cash estimate made of supplies received. The Commission has distributed one 
hundred and twenty-one tuns. 


























/ 


APPENDIX. 


-oOCDO*^*- 


REPORT OP INDIANA FREEDMEN’S AID COMMISSION. 

J. S. Willets, General Agent of the Indiana Freedmen’s Aid Commis¬ 
sion, submitted the following: 

The Indiana Freedmen’s Aid Commission was organized in September, 
1863. The business of the Association is confided to a Board of Managers, 
consisting of a President, two Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, Recording and 
Corresponding Secretaries, and seven Directors. A General Agent and 
two Collecting Agents were appointed; and on the 17th of September a 
circular was issued, directed to “Ministers of the Gospel and Friends of 
the Freedmen,” and widely circulated is every county of the State, earn¬ 
estly appealing to the benevolent, for their sympathy and aid in this “work 
of faith and labor of love.” The Agents visited various portions of the 
State, appointing meetings and addressing the people, and forming Branch 
Associations. 

The whole amount of cash received up to the present time is upward 
of $9,000; clothing and merchandise, over $13,500; cash expended, a little 
over $7,700—nearly one-half of which has been paid over to the Western 
Freedmen’s Aid Commission, Cincinnati; the remainder, for teachers’ sala¬ 
ries, books, and sundries for freedmen, transportation, and various ex¬ 
penses. 

A large portion of the clothing has been forwarded through the Cincin¬ 
nati Commission, besides which large amounts have been forwarded to 
Cairo, Fort Donelson, Helena, Vicksburg, Natchez, Memphis, Clarksville, 
Nashville, Murfreesboro, Chattanooga, Stephenson, and Pulaski. 

A number of teachers were recommended to the Cincinnati Board, and 
commissioned by them; since which ten teachers have been commissioned 
by this Board, and located: one at Nashville, three at Murfreesboro, two 
at Clarksville, two at Providence, and two at Fort Donelson. Three have 
returned; the others arc still engaged. The schools have been largely at¬ 
tended, and the progress of the scholars satisfactory. 


REPORT OF CLEVELAND FREEDMEN’S AID COMMISSION. 

II. B. Spelman, President of the Cleveland Freedmen’s Aid Commission, 
presented the following report: 

The Cleveland Freedmen’s Aid Commission was organized in April, 
1863. Its field of operations for the collection of clothing and money ex¬ 
tended over Northern Ohio, and into Western Pennsylvania, Western New 
York, and Eastern Michigan. During the first three months after its 
organization, Chaplain J. R. Locke, detailed by General Grant to canvass 
for supplies for the freedmen in the Valley of the Mississippi, labored 
under the auspices of our Commission, sending a large portion of his 
collections direct to the Freedmen’s Camp. Since Chaplain Locke left us 
we have had no Canvassing Agents in our field. 


/ 





14 


APPENDIX. 


During July, August, September, and October very little was clone. 
In November we issued a circular, making an earnest appeal for money 
and clothing. Ten thousand copies were distributed. As a response to 
our circular, and to the efforts of Chaplain Locke, reported to our Com¬ 
mission, we have received five hundred boxes of clothing, valued at 
$10,000, and $8,000 in money; making $18,000. We intend to enter 
upon the work early this Fall, and by pursuing it vigorously expect to 
obtain much larger sums this year. 


EEP0ET OF INDIANA YEAELY MEETING. 

The delegates from Indiana Yearly Meeting’s Committee being called 
upon, Joseph Dickinson submitted the following: 

The Indiana Yearly Meeting of Friends has had committees appointed 
fo assist and educate the coloied people nearly ever since they began to 
settle in that State. The Society long ago labored hard and continuously 
with their members living in Virginia and North and South Carolina, 
who held slaves, that they should liberate them, which eventually was 
done. Ihose freed people, with many others liberated by other persons, 
and consigned to the care of the Society of Friends, were many of them 
moved to the Western States, and received the care of the above committee. 
But. in the Fall of 18b3 the claims of the freedmen in the South came 
piominently before the Annual Conference of this Society, and a reorganiza¬ 
tion was considered necessary, and an Executive Committee of twelve was 
appointed to solicit contributions, and superintend the distribution of such 
relief by agents in the Mississippi Valley; also to piovide teachers and 
other Christian laborers to piepaie them for their new position as freedmen. 

The Executive Committee soon organized and issued a circular, appeal¬ 
ing for aid, and with the co-operation of Branch Committees liberal sub¬ 
scriptions of money were promptly entered into, and a large amount of 
part-worn clothing was soon collected. Agents were sent to inspect the 
wants of the freedmen, and attend to the distribution of clothing. Teachers 
soon followed; large schools were quickly organized, though in one instance 
both a house to live in and school-houses had to be built first. We have 
been favored to obtain persons of ability and Christian piety for agents; 
also experienced and well-qualified teachers for the schools. 

I he result of our observation is, that we have found the freedmen most 
grateful lor present relief from suffering, and intensely eager to obtain 
education. The uniform testimony of our teachers is, that they learn with 
avidity; and they are religiously inclined. We have had about twenty 
agents and teachers employed at various places in the Mississippi Valley; 
namely, in the vicinity of Vicksburg, at Helena, Island No. 63, Nashville, 
and Pulaski. 

Our cash receipts since last Fall amount to about $23,000; about 
$7,000 of this was received from England. Suitable goods for clothing 
was bought with this fund; also school-books and slates for the schools; 
a considerable quantity of seeds, and some plows, hoes, etc. Nearly all 
the new goods were made up into suitable clothing, tree of cost, by sewing 
parties got up for that purpose. A small quantity of new goods was sent 
to be made up into clothing in such camps as were well organized. 

All the business of this Executive Committee to this date, also the 
labor of receiving and shipping agents, has been done without payment. 
Our agents and teachers have been paid a small salary and their travel¬ 
ing expenses. 


APPENDIX. 


15 


e have met with some difficulties by the frequent removal of camps 
of the freed men with whom we have been laboring, aud much danger 
ti om guei 1 ilia parties; and our operations south of Nashville, which were 
of a very promising character, were suddenly stopped by Gen. Sherman’s 
order that citizens must not pass south of Nashville. 


REPOST OF THE CONTRABANDS’ RELIEF COMMISSION. 

George Graham, a delegate from the Contrabands Relief Commission 
of Cincinnati, being called on for a report, stated: 

That, he presumed it would be expected by the Convention that, in 
following the course pursued bv other delegations who preceded him, a 
history and statistical account of the Commission which he represented 
would be furnished, fn doing this he asked to be excused, as he was not 
aware of his appointment as a delegate till Saturday, when he learned it 
from the minutes of a previous meeting; therefore he appeared here with¬ 
out. any knowledge of the business to be offered in the Convention, or of 
the subjects which might come up for discussion. In relation to the 
finances and business of the Contrabands’ Relief Commission, he could 
only give general statements from memory and unofficial, as he was here 
without the official statements from the books. 

In giving a brief history of the origin of the Contrabands’ Relief 
Commission, he would state that he believed if. was the first institution 
of the kind organized in the West, and originated after the victories of the 
Union army in Tennessee, when the occupation of the country by Union 
troops caused the slave-owners of the rebels to desert their plantations, 
and to fiy for safety; consequently, the slaves and their families, left des¬ 
titute, sought for food and safety in Union camps, and in many of the 
large towns on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. In this flight they had 
gathered up the little they could possibly carry on a long march, and 
walked—men, women, and children, the aged and the infirm, with their 
little ones—many miles to a place of safety. In this destitute condition, 
if was reported in Cincinnati that, these slaves could not exist during the 
Winter wi'hout provisions, shelter, and clothing; and, unless prompt 
measures woul ! be adopted by the humane and benevolent, one-half of 
them must perish with hunger and cold. Tt. was, therefore, suggested that 
a benevolent society should be immediately organized to send them food 
and clothing, at such points where such contributions were most, needed. 
At a meeting called for this purpose the Contrabands' Relief Commission 
was organized, and immediate measures taken to send food and clothing, 
and to provide shelter from the inclemency of the approaching Winter, 
the contributors at that time believing that the physical wants of these 
people ought, to be the first consideration, and receive their first attention; 
consequently, for the first t wo or three months the subject of education and 
spiritual instruction was a secondary object—to come in after their phys¬ 
ical comforts had been secured. 

The Commission thus collected clothing:, food, and contributions in 
money, operating chiefly in the small circles of benevolent individuals 
who were disposed to assist them. No agents were appointed to collect 
funds, nor charitable meetings called to awaken the public mind; but the 
members of the Commission, knowing the liberality of the city of Cincin¬ 
nati, were not disappointed in receiving supplies promptly and liberally. 

At, Cairo, Illinois, a large number of contrabands had collected, who 
were in a very destitute condition, and the Government having possession 
of Island No. 10, an order was issued to transfer the colored population 



16 


APPENDIX. 


with their families to that point, which was considered a suitable place 
for agricultural purposes, and a point where the negroes might sustain 
themselves after they were supplied with proper implements. The Con- 
trabands’ Commission then undertook to send them agricultural imple¬ 
ments, and every thing necessary for a Spring crop, to sustain four or 
five thousand people. They also sent an agent to distribute supplies, 
and to superintend the farming of the cleared land on the island which 
amounted to several hundred acres in good condition for immediate plant¬ 
ing. The colored people on this island entered cheerfully and willingly 
into the labor of making this their home, and were successful in making 
themselves comfortable, with a prospect of crops sufficient to maintain the 
population. The agent also organized schools, and erected a school-house, 
which was sent from Cincinnati, the lumber, books, etc., having beea fur¬ 
nished by our Commission. This happy state of things, however, did not 
last long. An order enlisting negro troops had been received, and about 
fifteen hundred men were required from Island No. 10 and the neighboring 
camps. Thus, the laboring class having been taken to the army, the infirm, 
with the women and children, were left to take care of the crops. Memphis, 
Corinth, and Vicksburg were taken by the Union army, and at all these 
points great accessions were made to the camps of the negroes—all coming 
in destitute, and requiring immediate relief. The agent from Island No. 
10 was transferred to Vicksburg for a larger field of operations, and our 
shipments of goods were increased to Cairo, Corinth, Memphis, Young's 
Point, and Vicksburg—-Colonel Eaton acting for us as a supervising agent 
at points where our own agent could not be present. In January, a few 
months after the organization of the Contrabands' Commission, another 
society named the “Freedmen's Aid Commission” was organized from 
some of the original members of the Contrabands’ Commission, who pre¬ 
ferred a separate organization. This institution is represented here, and 
will of course report to the Convention. Thus we have two organizations 
acting in the same benevolent field for the same object. This separation 
from the original institution was perhaps better for both, as their exer¬ 
tions were increased, and a wider field for contributions secured by the 
friends of both societies. I will here remark, Mr. Chairman, that we have 
been much indebted in our organization to several benevolent societies of 
friends in England for large contributions in money, which have been 
sent at stated periods for the purchase of food and clothing for the freed- 
men of the South. We have also received large shipments of clothing 
from the West and two societies of Friends in Philadelphia, which we 
have forwarded, under their direction, to different points in the South. 

Since the occupation of Tennessee by the Union army we have sent 
supplies to Nashville, Murfreesboro, Knoxville, and other places, in which 
we frequently included books, necessary for the establishment of schools, 
and in some cases we have sent teachers at a fixed salary, who report to 
us an astonishing degree of interest and aptitude in the negro children to 
acquire the rudiments of an education. 

I will here remark that, after furnishing several hundred hoes, plows, 
and many other agricultural implements, we have not had at Island No. 10 
an authorized agent to take charge of our business, and the Government 
officers having taken away the working class of negroes from the island, 
Av ® are without a proper control of the property shipped to that island. 
"We, therefore, apprehend a loss of property and implements for want of a 
proper supervising agent to take care of the property. 

Mr. ( hairman, this brief and perhaps incomplete statement to the 
ConAention is made from a few moments' reflection, and does not include 
all that might be said. The amount of business done by the Contrabands’ 
Relief Association of ( incinnati can be given when called for from the 
store-keepers books in Cincinnati. 


APPENDIX. 


17 


In conclusion, allow me to remark that the friends of the freedmen 
operating with our institution, have in many instances diverted their 
attention to societies of the same character in their own neighborhoods, 
and some ot them have delegates here to report. This may diminish 
contributions from us, but increase the aggregate for the general charity, 
so important to the freedmen and our common country. 


ACCOUNT, 

Taken from the Business Books of the Contrabands’ Relief Commission of Cincinnati, 0., 
which includes the principal shipments made since the organization of the Institution 
to various places in the Mississippi Valley. 


ARTICLES. 

d 

3 

c - 

a> 

<1 

SL 

d - 

a> 

Women’s and Children’s Garments. 

16,937 

13,628 

594 

613 

2,678 

966 

355 

10,000 

8,000 

50,000 

155 


Men’s and Boys’ Garments. 


Comfortables for Bedding. 


Blankets for Bedding....... 


Heavy Goods for Clothing, vards. 


Cooking Utensils, various kinds. 


Shoes, Men’s and Women’s, pairs. 


School-Books, Testaments, Spellers, and Tracts, to various places. 


Shipped to Island No. 10. 

Garden-Seed, packages. 


Sweet-Potato Plants. 


Irish Potatoes, barrels. 


A low estimate of the above may be put down at. 

$46,000 

4,000 

2,800 

15,800 

5,000 

7,800 

Lumber, Hardware, Agricultural Implements, etc. 


Goods on 9and. 

Women’s and Children’s Garments, made up. 

1,800 

7,900 

2,500 

Men’s and Boys’ Garments, made up and ready for shipping. 

Blankets, part second-hand. 

Cash on hand in Treasury. 

Total. 


$81,400 


Forwarded for Friends’ Society, Philadelphia, 48 boxes; 2 bales of Blankets. Friends’ 
Relief Association, Philadelphia, 12 boxes. 

July 22, 1864. 


REPORT OP THE N. W. FREEDMEFS AID COMMISSION. 

Rev. J. R. Shipherd, delegate from the North-Western Freedmen’s Aid 
Commission, submitted the following: 

This is the youngest of the Commissions. Our late accession to the 
work was due, not to any deficiency of interest, but to a lack of oppor¬ 
tunity. Our field of operations would almost necessarily be in the Missis¬ 
sippi Valley. Only a few months have elapsed since the Father of Waters 
could be even rhetorically said to go unvexed to the sea. At Port Royal, 
at Fortress Monroe, in North Carolina and Northern Virginia, in Ken¬ 
tucky and parts of Tennessee, and at isolated points upon the Mississippi, 
reached under cover of military movements pushed from eastern points 
westward, the benevolent people of the East were early invited to work, 
and waited for no second call. We, as the opportunity came to us, have 
not shown a greater indifference. 


3 











































18 


APPENDIX. 


In July last steps were taken by the Western Freedmen’s Aid. Com¬ 
mission at Cincinnati, and by the American Missionary Association at 
New York, to solicit aid in North-Western States. Each Society sent an 
agent into the field, and each in turn moved for the organization of an 
auxiliary committee in this city. The efforts of the latter were successful 
in this regard—eight pastors of city Churches consenting to act executively 
in co-operation with the Association and its collecting agent. Meanwhile, 
and for months previously, spontaneous contributions of stores, marked 
“For the Freedmen,” were placed at the disposal of the North-Western 
Sanitary Commission, and large contributions of money were urged upon 
Eastern Societies, and upon Western gentlemen who were supposed to have 
facilities for using them to the advantage of the freed people. 

Between the 1st of July and the 1st of January following, not less 
than $50,000 worth of contributions in stores and money are known to 
have been made by citizens of North-Western States. 

Early in November it became apparent that there was an imperative 
need of a North-Western Freedmen’s Aid Commission, to give unity and 
the highest efficiency to North-Western benevolence. Due consultation 
was had between ali the interests represented upon the collecting field, 
resulting in a perfectly-harmonious consolidation of agencies, and the 
establishment, on the first day of January, of the present organization. 

For the first forty days the Commission had no salaried executive 
officer, but divided its labors among willing, although overburdened, city 
pastors. By the expiration of this period it had become sufficiently evi¬ 
dent that it was unwise to delay longer the selection of some person who 
could devote to the details of the work his undivided attention. Such a 
selection having been made, a suitable office was secured and opened to 
the public. 

The needs of the freed people, which we have undertaken to relieve, 
are of two kinds: such as pertain to their physical condition, and such as 
pertain to their social, their educational, and their moral welfare. Under 
the first title are found all physical wants. These people are hungry, and 
naked, and homeless, and sick. 

It is found, however, that the Government will, so far as it is possible, 
issue them army rations for food, and provide them such nominal shelter 
as it can in rude barracks or camps. Of late, also, it has moved vigor¬ 
ously toward providing them medical aid. Moreover, it will employ all 
able-bodied men, and immediately issue them comfortable clothing. The 
chief deficiency, therefore, is in the lack of supplies which, for obvious 
reasons, the Government can not furnish; namely, clothing for women and 
children. 

We have, therefore, appealed to the benevolent public for second-hand 
garments for women’s and children’s wear, and have not appealed in vain. 
About fifteen tuns of these have been consigned to us, and forwarded 
through our own agents, since the opening of the year. 

We have also received about twenty tuns of men’s clothing, which has 
been forwarded to and distributed b}^ one of our own agents to the infirm 
and aged men, who are gathered with the women and children in the 
camps. We have repeatedly called the attention of our friends to the fact 
that the need of garments for women’s and children’s wear is much greater 
than the need of garments for men’s wear; but, as the donations persist¬ 
ently preserve the contrary proportion, we conclude that our friends give 
all they can spare of every kind of garments in their houses, and the 
revered patres familiarum are found able to give most. 

This Commission has already sent forward thirty-seven Christian men 
and women to do what they may be able to do of this eminently Christian 
missionary work. Wo have or have had teachers at Island No. 63, at 
Memphis, at Nashville, at Columbus, Kentucky, at Helena, at Goodrich’s 


APPENDIX. 


19 


Landing, at Lake Providence, at Van Buren’s Landing, at Milliken's Bend, 
at Paw-Paw Island, upon the Reighley and Savage Plantations, at Island 
No. 102, at Natchez, at Baton Rouge, at New Orleans, and at Rolla, Mo. 

This is a terrible scattering of forces—the very antipode of our earnest 
longing and deliberate purpose. Our choice would be to locate all our 
teachers in a single neighborhood, where supervision, and system, and 
mutual support might avail their utmost. And here we have found our 
great difficulty—our operations are at the mercy of the chances of war-, 
the malice of disloyal officials, and the omnipotence of King Cotton. 

To the division of labor especial attention has been directed. Our 
purpose has been to collect and forward teachers in parties of consider¬ 
able size to a single unoccupied or nearly unoccupied point; to detail 
the most suitable matron of the party as responsible superintendent of 
domestic and sanitary affairs ; the most experienced teacher as super¬ 
intendent of schools; the eldest minister of the Gospel as superintendent 
of religious affairs; authorizing each of these to elect by natural affinities 
such of their associates as will most efficiently aid each in his or her 
distinct department. By this means a greatly-increased efficiency and a 
most substantial harmony are secured, and the labor of general super¬ 
vision at the home office is materially simplified. 

All stores of donated goods are forwarded in the personal care of a 
special agent, or teacher detailed for the work, from the home office to the 
point of destination, where they are turned over to the Superintendent of 
Domestic and Sanitary Affairs, who becomes at once responsible for their 
safe-keeping and their proper distribution. To her each teacher repre¬ 
sents the most urgent wants in his or her own charge, and from her 
receives such proportion of the stores as the interests of the entire locality 
will permit. 

Every superintendent and every teacher reports weekly for the first 
month, and afterward monthly, upon eight distinct points, covering the 
whole range of the work within his or her reach. Special agents, from 
time to time, visit the various localities, and report fully upon all they see. 
And the Secretary himself, so far as other duties at all permit, will per¬ 
sonally visit the field, and ascertain by immediate inspection the precise 
condition of the work, and the relative efficiency of the laborers. 

The Commission was applied to on behalf of a school for adult freed 
people in Chicago, which had been for some time sustained by the spon¬ 
taneous contributions of a few benevolent gentlemen and ladies. These 
friends of the school had at best been able to provide it but uncertain 
support, and proposed to turn their contributions into the treasury of the 
Commission, very much enlarging them at the same time if the Commission 
would officially assume the salaries and supervision of the teachers. A 
committee was appointed to investigate the facts, and made so favorable a 
report that the proposal was accepted, and two teachers are now employed 
by the Commission at No. 222 Fourth-Avenue. 


FINANCIAL EXHIBIT. 

The following extracts from the report of the Corresponding Secretary, 
presented at the late anniversary of the Commission, will give the reader 
some idea of what has been accomplished since the 1st of January: 


The summary of accounts on the books of the committee, brought down to the nearest 
convenient date—that is, to the 9th of April, inclusive—and covering the business of pre¬ 
cisely one hundred days, reads thus: 


RECEIPTS. 

Stores, 294 packages, valued at. 

Cash. 

Due the Treasury.,. 


,S12.480 00 
. 5,702 79 
. 2,503 19 


Making a total of. 


,$20,746 98 







20 


APPENDIX. 


DISBURSEMENTS. 


Stores, 279 packages, valued at.$11,730 00 

Cash.... 8,205 98 

Goods on hand. 750 00 


Making a total of..$20,745 98 


The cash items of expenditures are classified in the report of the Committee on Finance 
as follows: 

For teachers,their outfit, traveling expenses,and two months advance pay..$4,974 91 
Transportation, including freight, postage, telegraph, and travel, (other 

than of teachers).887 84 

Printing and stationery. 587 38 

Office rent and fixtures. 620 10 

Agencies, including salaried employes of every kind, (other than teachers). 1,19 > 75 

In all.$8,265 98 

From the 10t.h of April to the 30th of June the receipts of cash were 

nearly $9,000 and the value of supplies received upward of $5,000. 
These aggregates would stand— 

Stores.$12,480 00 

“ 5.000 00 

Cash. 5,762 79 

“ . 9,000 00 

Total.$32,242 79 

for six months. While this amount has exceeded the expectations with 
which we began, it has seemed small indeed beside the overshadowing 
need. If to this sum we should add, as some Commissions do, and as 
perhaps all ought, the value of contributions by railway, telegraph, and 
express lines, steamboat owners, etc., and the gratuitous services of vol¬ 
unteer laborers, the aggregate would be largely increased. But we hope 

to secure still larger gifts in the months to come. 

I should perhaps omit an important allusion, if I should close without 
mention of the constituency to which this Commission is immediately 
responsible. 

Every donor of five dollars or upward, becomes an elector for one year; 
every donor of twenty dollars or upward, becomes an elector for life. On 
the second Friday of April in each year, these electors assemble and 
choose the directors for the ensuing twelve months; and no person, with 
a single exception, can become an officer of the Commission unless he 
shall have been first chosen a director. The Constitution can not be 
changed by the directors, but only at the annual meeting by the sov¬ 
ereign electors, who are entitled individually, at any and all times, to 
any information in regard to the management of the work which they 
may desire. Any elector is eligible to the Board of Directors, and any 
person may become an elector. The most catholic basis attainable is thus 
laid down by those who were interested to take this work in hand at the 
first, and with the sincerest cordiality they invite the co-operation of 
every loyal, humane, and Christian citizen of the North-West. 


REPORT OF THE WESTERN SANITARY COMMISSION. 

Rev. J. G. Forman, Secretary and delegate of the Western Sanitary 
Commission at St. Louis, made the following report: 


The labors ot . the Western Sanitary Commission for Freedmen have 
been incidental to its main work, which has been the supplying of sanitary 
stores to the Western armies, and to the Naval Flotilla of the Mississippi 
Rnei. In the Fall of 1862 it became aware of great suffering among the 
colored people at Helena, Arkansas, and took measures for their relief. 



















APPENDIX. 


21 


Large numbers of freedmen came into Helena with the army of General 
Curtis in July ot that year, and from the rebel plantations above and 
below, and from across the river, to the number of about four thousand. 
Many ot them were put to work upon the fortifications, and employed by 
the quarter-masters to load and unload steamboats and coal barges, and as - 
teamsters, with the promise of wages at ten' dollars a month. In these 
labors they were industrious and faithful, and their temperate habits and 
good conduct were worthy of the highest praise. All of them who could 
give any evidence of having been emplojmd by their masters to aid the 
rebellion received free papers from Major-General Curtis, who was always 
just and friendly to them, and willing to listen to their complaints. 

Untortunately for these people General Curtis was transferred to St. 
Louis, the latter part of the next month, to command the Department of 
Missouri, and was followed by a succession of pro-slavery Brigadier-Gen¬ 
erals, who passed military orders withholding the payment of their wages, 
expelling them from their lines, and otherwise persecuting them, under 
which rule many of them were returned to their masters, and those who 
remained suffered untold hardships. With the indifference of the com¬ 
manders to their welfare, the quarter-masters neglected to keep full and 
correct pay rolls, and press-gangs of mounted orderlies were sent through 
the streets of Helena, who brought them to the levee and compelled them 
to work without wages or food till they sometimes fell down with ex¬ 
haustion. Murders, rapes, and robberies were committed upon them by 
the worst class of the soldiers with impunity, and the military command¬ 
ers took no notice of these things. 

As Winter came these people, being poorly sheltered in huts, worn-out 
tents, and the most uninhabitable buildings, and very miserably clad, 
unpaid for their labor, and destitute, suffered incredible hardships, and 
died in large numbers. The hospital building assigned them was a miser¬ 
able, one-stoi*y house, surrounded by mud, where they were put under the 
charge of a pro-slavery contract-physician, who utterly neglected them, 
and in which they had no better accommodation than a straw bed on the 
floor, being without chairs, tables, stoves, cooking utensils, or any of the 
usual furniture either of a dwelling-house or a hospital. The mortality 
in this hospital in December and January, 1862-63, was fifty per cent, of 
all who entered; so that the sick freed people often preferred death in any 
other place to going there. 

On becoming acquainted with this state of things, the Western Sanitary 
Commission, in the early part of January, 1863, sent Miss Maria R. Mann, 
a niece of the late Hon. Horace Mann, a most philanthropic and excellent 
lady, to Helena, with all the furniture and outfit of a good hospital, with 
sanitary stores and clothing also for the sick, the poor and neglected; and 
this lady staid there till the next August, laboring with myself and the 
Rev. Samuel Sawyer, who were at that time chaplains at that post, for the 
amelioration of these poor people. 

During this period a great, change was effected. In February Adjutant- 
General Thomas came to Helena, and announced that the future policy of 
the Government would be to protect and care for the colored people who 
came to our lines, and to enlist the able-bodied men as soldiers, and that 
any officer, from a General to a Lieutenant, who should undertake to 
thwart this policy would lose his shoulder straps. 

It was astonishing to see what a change occurred in the sentiment of 
the army from this time. We were now able to get a large and good 
building for a freedinen’s hospital, and many became candidates for com¬ 
missions in the new colored regiments, who a few months before could 
find nothing too hard to say against the black man. In several of these 
cases I had the satisfaction of defeating the aspirations of these gentlemen 
by reporting their true character at the right place. 


99 

Zj Zj 


APPENDIX. 


During the eight months Miss Mann remained at. Helena, about $5,000 
was expended for the benefit of the freed people, mostly contributions 
received by Kev. Dr. Elliott from friends in New England for this special 
purpose, and when she left there was but little suffering among them. 
Two regiments of colored troops were recruited there, and those who were 
left became-self-supporting. 

At. a later period the Commission has sent additional clothing to Chap¬ 
lain John I. Herrick and Chaplain Locke, superintendents of freedmen at 
Helena, to meet their necessities during the Fall and Winter of 1803-04, 
in value amounting to about $3,000, a portion of which has been returned 
from proceeds of sales to those who could pay for what they received. 

During the Fall of 1803 the Western Sanitary Commission delegated 
its President, James E. Yeatman, Esq., to make a visit to the freedmen's 
camps from Cairo to Natchez, to ascertain their condition and wants, with 
a view to undertaking their relief. At the same time it sent an agent, 
Rev. H. D. Fisher, to New England tq present the claims of these people, 
and the purpose of the Commission to engage in the work of relief, as a 
part of its future operations. The appeal was responded to in a most 
liberal spirit, and about $45,000 in goods and money was contributed 
from Boston and the larger towns of Massachusetts. About the same 
time the National Freedmen’s Relief Association at New York was formed, 
and sent two agents, Messrs. W. 1^. Marsh and H. R. Foster, to proceed to 
Vicksburg, and take charge of the work of distribution and of teaching 
at that point, at Natchez, and wherever else they found a need. On their 
way these gentlemen formed a connection with the Western Sanitary Com¬ 
mission, as voluntary agents, in addition to their existing agency, for the 
purpose of co-operation—the Sanitary Commission resliipping their goods 
at St. Louis, and sending its own supplies for their distribution. 

Three excellent teachers were also sent by the Western Sanitary Com¬ 
mission to labor under the direction of Messrs. Marsh and Foster; namely, 
Miss Sarah Hagan, who has since died in the service, Miss A. M. Knight, 
and Mrs. Lydia H. Daggett. 

The plan of the Commission has been to use all the reliable and trust¬ 
worthy agents already in the field instead of increasing and multiplying 
agencies. It has, therefore, worked with all the Freedmen’s Relief Asso¬ 
ciations in the West, and used their agencies instead of its own. It lias 
sent goods to Mr. Elkanah Beard, to Mr. Roundtree, and to the super¬ 
intendents of freedmen along the river, in addition to Messrs. Marsh and 
Foster at Vicksburg and Natchez. It has probably procured transportation 
for $100,000 worth of clothing, shoes, and material for clothes for the 
freed people along the Lower Mississippi during the past year, which 
includes the shipments of the National Association, coming by St. Louis, 
as well as its own. 

At the late Mississippi Valley Sanitary Fair in St. Louis $15,000 more 
has been received for this work and for the destitute Union refugees, 
of whom thousands are now coming to St. Louis from the devastated 
regions of Arkansas and the other insurrectionary States. For these 
there is also a work of benevolence to be done, and our Commission has 
never felt itself at liberty to decline aiding those who have been loyal 
sufferers by this great war for the preservation of our country and 
liberty. But it has been careful to make its labors for the freedmen 
and refugees a separate work from its general sanitary labors for the 
army, and to secure special funds for these humanities of the war. It 
authorizes me to say that it will ever stand ready to act in co-operation 
with the Freedmen s Relief Associations in their great work, or to relin¬ 
quish this branch of its labors when they shall no longer be found neces- 
saiy, by reason of the existence and efficient labors of those Associations 
which now make this their special mission. 


/ 


APPENDIX. 


23 


REPORT OP WESTERN FREEDMEN’S AID COMMISSION. 

The following has been received from Rev. J. M. Walden, Corresponding 
Secretary of Western Freedmen’s Aid Commission: 

In pursuance with the resolution of the Convention at Indianapolis, 
the following report is submitted in behalf of the Western Freedmen’s 
Aid Commission to the Convention: 

In this statement I may, following the example of other delegates, 
refer to the formation and early history of our Association. 

The Western Freedmen’s Aid Commission was organized in Cincin¬ 
nati, Ohio, in January, 1863, by a number of Christian gentlemen — 
several of them well-known ministers of the Gospel of various denom¬ 
inations in that, city—who withdrew from the Contrabands’ Relief Com¬ 
mission under circumstances and for reasons alluded to by the delegate of 
that Society—Mr. Graham—the chief of which, as he has stated, was a 
difference of opinion as to the course that should be pursued in applying 
the means of which that Society became the almoner. In regard to 
the policy to be pursued the Board of Directors were about equally 
divided, and, the difference being radical, it was evident that their action 
could not be harmonious. Those who withdrew immediately organized 
the Western Freedmen’s Aid Commission, with this declaration, indicative 
of the views they entertained, and illustrative of the spirit by which they 
were actuated: 

“The new Society proposes, first of all, to supply the physical wants 
of the freedmen—to give food to the hungry, garments to the naked, and 
medicines to the sick. But this is a temporary work. These thousands 
must not be left long in the condition of ignorant paupers, for this would 
defeat the whole scheme of emancipation. They must be instructed, guided, 
elevated, and prepared for the position and duties of Christian freemen, 
and for this purpose school books, Bibles, Testaments, and teachers must 
be provided. These increasing thousands can not long remain in a home¬ 
less condition, herded like cattle around our military posts. Efforts must, 
therefore, be made to locate them upon Southern soil, and organize them 
into communities, that they may receive the institutions of Christian 
civilization, in order that they may support themselves, and even add 
to the general wealth.” 

In thus entering upon the work, it was accepted in its two-fold char¬ 
acter of patriotic aid to the Government in a rightful effort to vindicate 
its authority, and of Christian benevolence toward those whose bondage 
was the chief cause of the rebellion, and whose emancipation promised to 
be one of the glorious results of the war. 

With a Board of Directors in which many of the largest religious 
denominations were represented by prominent ministers or active lay¬ 
men, and governed in its operations by the foregoing principles, the 
Commission soon received the sympathy of the Christian public, before 
which Providence was opening one of the most interesting and extended 
fields that ever invited humane and benevolent effort. 

Levi Coffin, our General Agent, gave some time to collecting funds and 
supplies for our Commission after its organization, operating principally 
among the Friends. He is now in England, where, according to reports 
in leading journals, he meets with a cordial reception, and is likely to 
obtain liberal aid. In the Summer of 1863 we employed Rev. H. W. Cobb, 
of Chicago, as a Collecting Agent, assigning to him Illinois, Iowa, and 
Wisconsin—the whole North-West then being before us as a contributing 
field. He canvassed considerable portions of those States, receiving con¬ 
tributions and establishing auxiliary societies at many points. When the 


24 


APPENDIX. 


friends in Chicago determined to organize a Commission for the North- 
West they applied to us, and we consented to the transfer of Mr. Cobb 
to their Commission, for which he is still laboring with success in the 
field he opened up in our service. He collected about three thousand 
dollars for us. The Indiana Commission, auxiliary to ours, undertook to 
canvass Indiana, and has prosecuted the work with vigor. It has turned 
over to our treasurer more than three thousand dollars, besides all that it 
has expended directly in behalf of the freedmen. Rev. Joshua Boucher 
canvassed a part of Ohio last Summer, but the whole State has not been 
thoroughly canvassed. We have at length secured, what is difficult to 
find, some efficient agents for this work, and arrangements are made for 
its prosecution. We have not received any foreign contributions, except 
£50 sterling, sent to Levi Coffin by William Foster, of England. About 
$26,000 have been paid into our treasury, and a large proportion of this 
sum is the voluntary contribution of persons and societies to whom no 
personal appeal has been made—a fact I mention to indicate the interest 
of' the humane and benevolent in the cause of the freedmen. Our Board 
approves it as wise to keep efficient collecting agents in the field, and to 
organize auxiliary societies wherever practicable. It is the duty of our 
Commissions to use every proper means to turn the attention of the public 
.to the freed people, not only that the means of relief ma}’- be augmented, 
but that there may be a general and increasing interest in their civil and 
religious as well as their physical condition. 

The work of relief was fairly begun by the Commission early in 
February, 1863. Since then we have distributed 68,758 garments; 1,416 
pairs of shoes; 754 pairs of socks and stockings; 385 articles of bedding; 
2,872 yards of new goods; 5 cooking stoves; 4,611 cooking and kitchen 
utensils; and have shipped twenty-nine tuns of such supplies for other 
Associations. 

As the Spring of 1863 opened another form of relief suggested itself 
as both practicable and desirable; namely, placing in the hands of the 
freed people the means of industry, encouraging them at once to look to 
their own free labor lor at least a part of their support. Large quantities 
of garden seeds and farm and garden implements were shipped to the 
camps on the Mississippi. We have distributed 843 farm and garden 
implements, 695 pounds and 15,172 packages of garden seeds, and have 
furnished one cane-mill and evaporator, and two sewing-machines—these 
last to be used by our teachers for the benefit of the schools and hospitals. 
Other Associations have pursued the same course; and wherever such 
supplies have reached the freedmen they have used them industriously 
and with encouraging success. 

Although a resolution was adopted by our Commission, at the second 
meeting after its organization, to secure Christian teachers to labor among 
the freedmen, none were employed till in March, 1863. During this month 
two persons were commissioned—one of whom, J. L. Roberts,"has been in 
the field ever since, and is now rendering valuable service at Helena, 
Arkansas. Notwithstanding the physical want and sufferings of the 
freedmen, our agents with the means of temporal relief have scarcely 
been more welcome to the camps than our teachers. As the dayof free¬ 
dom dawns upon this people, it seems every-where to inspire them with 
a desire to read. Books, so long withheld "by slavery, are received and 
studied by them as though they were the token and pledge of their eman¬ 
cipation. They will not be satisfied, nor should we, till every school and 
camp, and regiment is supplied with school books, Bibles, and Testaments. 
It is cause tor gratitude, and an assurance of security, and may well be 
an incentive to the most active charity, that, as they come forth from 
their long night of thralldom to take a new position in the world this 
people manifest this passion to read. 


25 


APPENDIX. 


A school, to attain the highest results among the freedmen, must, be 
adapted to their condition, and even comprehend more in some respects 
than among us. They must learn from the teacher a great many things 
essential to their elevation which, in a free comm unity, our sons and 
daughters learn in the home and from society. The teachers who labor 
among them, under the auspices of our Commission, are expected not only 
to teach reading, writing, and other useful branches, but also to give such 
instructions in ordinary domestic and industrial habits as will make them 
neat in their homes, economical in their customs, and thrifty in their 
pursuits. Our schools hereafter will be furnished with thread, needles, 
thimbles, and the like, as regularly as with books, pens, and paper, that 
the teachers may devote some time each day to teaching the females such 
homely and practical branches as cutting, and making, and even mending 
clothes. 

We have commissioned some sixty teachers, most of them females, 
though we may not have had in the field at any one time more than 
about half that number. These, because of circumstances beyond our 
control, have been scattered over a considerable portion of the Mississippi 
Valley. They have labored in schools at Cairo, Columbus, Kentucky, 
Island No. 10, Memphis, President s Island, Camp Holly Springs, Helena, 
Milliken's Bend, Vicksburg, Natchez, Little Hock, Arkansas, Nashville, 
Murfreesboro, Clarksville, Fort Donelson, and Gallatin, Tennessee, and in 
several colored regiments on the Mississippi and in Tennessee. Besides 
the means expended in employing, transporting and providing for these 
teachers, we have furnished 41,185 new and 628 old school books, 1,515 
slates, and a considerable quantity of paper, pens, and pencils. We have 
also furnished books to several regiments of colored soldiers, and at times 
to schools under the auspices of other societies. 

The religious element entering so largely into the organization of our 
Commission, it is not strange that a question arose as to the limit of our 
operations—whether w r e should send missionaries to evangelize as well as 
teachers to instruct the freedmen. The Commission, agreeing that the 
work of evangelization was authoritatively committed to the Church, and 
that no organization of merely human origin is warranted in subverting 
the Divine plan, determined to leave to the Church the whole work of 
sending missionaries and organizing Churches. Its policy is, however, to 
employ only Christian persons as teachers; to encourage the organization 
of Sabbath schools; to send Bibles and Testaments to the freedmen; to 
influence them, so far as may be, to observe the Sabbath, and to attend the 
public worship of God; and to inculcate sentiments of respect for religion. 
If ministers of the Gospel engage with us as teachers, it is not for us to 
prohibit their preaching—our aim being to direct all our agencies so that 
they shall exert an influence that will be favorable to the coming work 
of evangelization among the freedmen, upon which the whole Church 
must speedily enter. 

We have taken steps to establish an “Industrial school” at Memphis. 
Such schools will be efficient in the elevation of this people. In them the 
women and girls can be taught to sew neatly and well, and to cut and 
make necessary articles of clothing. By compensating them for this 
labor they may begin to provide for themselves by their own industry. 
Place these schools under the direction of competent persons, and large 
quantities of new goods might there be made into garments, and second¬ 
hand clothing repaired and refitted so as to render it far more serviceable 
than if distributed as received. By proper and energetic movements in 
this direction these schools would, after a little time, become so effective 
as to relieve from a double task many of those societies of noble women 
in the North, who, prompted by feelings of humanity and patriotism, are 
dividing their increased labors between the soldier and the freedmen. The 

4 


26 


APPENDIX. 


careful habits, the notions of economy, and the feelings of self-reliance 
developed by such schools, will be an incalculable blessing to many, 
besides those who are employed and instruc ed in them. In fact, these 
schools are indispensable to the highest results ot Christian benevolence 
in behalf of the freed people. One or more should be established and 
supported in every camp, and supplied with plain materials tor the manu¬ 
facture of the most needful clothing, bedding, etc. 

A General Superintendent of Freedmen on the Mississippi had been 
appointed, with powers to organize the work of relief. As co-workers 
with the Government we availed ourselves of the public agencies for the 
distribution of our supplies. This plan was pursued till an experience 
of some months proved it to be necessary to appoint agents who should 
be directly responsible to our Commission. The policy of the Freedmen’s 
Department, however wise and efficient, was not adapted to promote the 
efficiency of voluntary associations. We seldom received any acknowl¬ 
edgment of the receipt of goods forwarded, or any report of their dis¬ 
posal—whether given to the destitute or sold to those able to purchase. 
While dependent on the public for the means to carry forward our work, 
we were thus left without the data to furnish our patrons a satisfactory 
report—such as would assure their confidence in our operations, and 
sustain and increase their interest in the cause. 

To remedy this defect, to avoid great delays in transportation of sup¬ 
plies, to prevent embarrassing mistakes and frequent losses, and to secure 
a careful and judicious distribution of the goods among the needy, it was 
determined to appoint intelligent and responsible men as agents to super¬ 
vise the whole work of distribution, both of goods and of books. We 
placed Isaac G. Thorne on the Mississippi River and Rev. D. M. Wilson 
in Middle Tennessee, making it their duty to canvass as often and thor¬ 
oughly as possible their respective fields—to visit the camps, ascertain 
the most needy points, and furnish them with supplies. The immediate 
work of giving out the goods and books we referred to the persons in 
charge of the camps and to the teachers, a part of whose duty it is to 
ascertain the real wants of those for whose improvement they labor. We 
have a depot at Memphis for the Mississippi River, and one at Nashville 
for Middle Tennessee and the adjacent territory, to which most of our 
shipments are consigned, and from which the Agents can draw supplies 
wherever needed. These Agents account to the Commission for all the 
supplies they receive and distribute. -By this plan we secure the prompt 
distribution of our goods to those places where there is the greatest need, 
and among those persons who are really the most destitute. It is due to 
the Freedmen's Department to say that many of its agents, by a cheerful 
co-operation with our agents and teachers, have greatly aided and facili¬ 
tated this work of relief. 

Tou inquire as to the difficulties we have met. Many of those that at 
first embarrassed our work are now removed. In the beginning we found 
little sympathy among military officers. The promulgation of the Procla¬ 
mation ot Emancipation did not reveal to them the purposes of the Gov¬ 
ernment with reference to the freedmen, so it was only by a kind of suffer¬ 
ance that any thing could be doue in their behalf. We had to pay a heavy 
tariff for transportation of supplies, whether by railway or steamboat. 
Shipments on the way to their destination were often detained at military 
posts, and sometimes kept so long where they were exposed to rain that 
large quantities were much damaged. Officers not unfrequently refused, 
in a peremptory manner, to furnish even a temporary store-room or any 
other facility for the reception and distribution of the much-needed sup¬ 
plies. In far too many instances the only assistance the freedmen received 
from those in authority was a partial protection from the clutches of their 
rebel masters, while the representatives of an open-handed charity in the 



APPENDIX. 


27 


North that would have ministered some relief were constantly embarrassed 
by the indifference of officers, and sometimes by their covert and not un- 
frequently by their open opposition. 

A valuable service was rendered by appointing Colonel Eaton Super¬ 
intendent of Freedmen on the Mississippi. Though his policy has not in 
all respects been favorable to the efforts of benevolent associations, yet 
his appointment gave a head to the work. Since then transportation has 
been furnished for all goods on the Mississippi; rooms have been turned 
over for depots; and school-teachers have received rations; and, with a 
few exceptions, officers have co-operated perhaps as far as under the 
present regime there can be co-operation. 

The same embarrassments attended the work in Middle Tennessee. 
Our agents and teachers at every point have found among the citizens 
a sentiment hostile to all efforts in behalf of the freedmen—especially 
those that aim at their elevation. We received but little co-operation from 
any officers there till General Grant assumed the command of the depart¬ 
ment. A store-room was then immediately secured at Nashville; an order 
given for the transportation of all supplies, and another for rations for 
our teachers. In February a committee from the “United States Commis¬ 
sion for the Relief of the National Freedmen” secured from the Secretary 
of War an order for the transportation of supplies throughout the Mis¬ 
sissippi Valley, since which time we have not been embarrassed in regard 
to transportation except by the occasional indifference or opposition of 
officials. We know that the Government appreciates and regards with 
favor what our Associations are doing, and stands ready to co-operate as 
far as may accord with military regulations. 

We are in Convention here to inquire what may be done to give the 
greatest efficiency to our efforts in behalf of the freed people. The expe¬ 
rience of the past indicates that, first of all, there should be the fullest 
co-operation possible among all of the Associations engaged in this work. 
A consciousness of this has brought us together; its necessity is made the 
more apparent by every report submitted, and the ways in which it may 
be effected already begin to suggest themselves. It is evident that we 
may have agents and depots for our supplies in common. Application to 
officers for the aid contributed by the Government might at any one point 
be made through one careful and judicious person, and with better re¬ 
sults than to have these applications multiplied. It is possible that the 
whole work might be brought under the supervision of a few agents— 
perhaps one in charge of schools, and one in charge of the distribution 
of supplies. By such co-operation we could economize and distribute our 
forces ; it would insure greater unity, and therefore greater efficiency, 
in our operations; it would encourage the spirit of concord among our 
teachers and agents, and as a consequence would give to us more influ¬ 
ence with the representatives of the Government. Again, we need from 
the President an order that will secure to us from every officer with 
whom we have to do that co-operation which the truly loyal and those 
who sympathize with us now render under existing regulations. We also 
need to secure the public, so far as may be, against being imposed upon 
by unauthorized agents, who are already, in the name of our societies, 
asking for contributions. The contributions of the West should be drawn 
into our own Commissions by responsible and duly-accredited agents. 

The attention of the Convention has been called to the number and 
condition of white refugees that have been and are now flocking within 
our lines. On the 16th of February, 1863—about a month after our 
organization—it was declared to be a part of the appropriate work of the 
Commission to extend sympathy and aid to the thousands of white persons 
driven from their homes in the South, and our agents have ministered to 
this destitute class. Levi Coffin and myself had considered the matter 


28 


APPENDIX. 


with some care, and were about to recommend to our Board a plan for a 
definite and extended effort, when the call was published in Cincinnati 
for the public meeting by which the Refugee Relief Commission was or¬ 
ganized. We both attended the meeting, and favored the measures that 
were adopted. Our agents continue to extend some aid to the refugees, and 
the Commission is ready to do all that is consistent with the primary 
object of our organization. 

FINANCIAL STATEMENT. 

The following is an exhibit of the receipts of our Commission. We 
have not adopted the plan of estimating the value of second-hand goods 
received. Without overhauling each package an estimate can not be made 
that will approximate the real value of the contributions; and the demand 
for supplies has been so pressing that we have forwarded large quantities 
without repacking, where they were in good condition for shipment. 


Number of garments shipped to various points. 68,758 

Number of pairs of shoes shipped to various points. 1,416 

Number of pairs of stockings and socks shipped to various points. 754 

Number of articles of bedding shipped to various points. 385 

Number of yards of new goods shipped to various points. 2,872 

Number of sewing-machines. 3 

Number of cooking stoves . 5 

Number of cooking and kitchen utensils. 4,611 

Number of farm and garden implements. 843 

Number of pounds of garden seeds. 695 

Number of packages of garden seeds. 15,172 

Number of school books, new. 41,185 

Number of old books. 628 

Number of slates. 1,515 

Number of pounds of dried fruit and other hospital supplies. 642 


Also stationery and other necessary supplies for schools, amounting in all to about 
121 tons. 

In addition to the above we have shipped for other Associations and for individuals 
goods to the amount of about 38 tons, making our total shipments 159 tons, besides 
8 portable hospitals, comprising 19,860 feet of lumber. 

Cash receipts, up to date. $25,941 57 

Paid out for salary of teachers, supplies of various kinds, and other 

necessary expenses. 22,187 08 

Cash on hand. $3,814 19 

July 20, 1864. 


✓ 































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* 'The following Associations in the West are laboring in behalf of the Freedmen, given in 
the order of their organization: 


WESTERN SANITARY COMMISSION, 

St. Lorris. Mo. 


JAMES E. YEATMAN, President, 
REV. J. G. FORMAN, Secretary. 


'lOHTBjB.BJJH) BELIES’ COMMISSION 

Cincinnati, Olrio. 


A. M. TAYLOR, President, 

R. W. CARROLL, Corresponding Secretary. 


WESTERN FREEDMEN’S AID COMMISSION, 


Cincinnati, Olrio. 

REV. ADAM POE, I). D., President, 

REV. J. M. WALDEN, Corresponding Secretary, 
LEVI COFFIN, General Agent. 



CLEVELAND FREEDMEN’S AID COMMISSION 

(Cleveland, Oliio. 

H. B. SPELMAN, President, 


L. F. MELLEN, Secretary and Treasurer. 


ttx±m 


CliKKDMf.NS Mb 

Indianapolis, Ind. 

('. FLETCHER, President, 

DR. .T. T. BOYD, Corresponding Secretary, 
JACOB S. AVIL LETS, General Agent. 


NO 


RTH-WESTER N FREEDMEN’S AID COMMISSION, 


Clricago, Ill. 

HON. J. M. WILSON, President, 

LEA . J. R. SHIPHERD, Corresponding Secretary'. 


COMMITTEE OP INDIANA YEARLY MEETING-, 

Richmond, Ind. 

TIMOTHY NICHOLSON, Secretary - , 

ISAAC P. EVANS, Treasurer, 

JOSEPH DICKINSON, Agent. 



Note. The United Presbyterian and United Brethren Churches are also laboring 
independently in behalf of the Freedmen. 








































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